Authentication method and system

ABSTRACT

Provide herein is a method and system capable of authenticating transactions involving at least one service provider and one or more users who are each in electronic communication. This electronic communication can be, for example, SMS, MMS, e-mail, or online account messaging. It is an aspect of certain embodiments where the transaction is an authentication and/or verification of an entity. Examples of such entities are products, actions and users.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to telecommunications. In particular, theinvention relates to a method and system for authentication and/orverification via telecommunications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Services that are booked or used via the Internet are constantlyincreasing. The Internet enables one to use several on-line servicessuch as services connected to banks, health services, travel agencies,vehicle maintenance, and so on.

The increasing popularity of mobile computing and communications devicesintroduce new challenges to services on the Internet. Mobile terminalsare able to deliver information to users when needed and where needed.Users want ubiquitous access to information and applications from thedevice at hand. They also want to access and update this informationwherever they happen to be.

It is important to notice, however, that not all the terminals will bemobile. Future services must be able to communicate with a large varietyof terminal devices, both those that are mobile and those that are not.Different terminal devices have very different capabilities.

The interoperability of different services and terminal devices requiresstandards on several levels. It is not enough to have, say, commoncommunication protocols. It would be very important to share commonconcepts and understanding what a certain piece of data means in acertain context. However, it has been very difficult to agree on thoseissues, as there exist an enormous number of companies, organizations,and other actors in the field.

Many services must be able to manage bookings. They include for examplebooking appointments for health services; booking travel reservationsfor hotels, airlines, and rental cars; booking tickets for venues;booking appointments for vehicle maintenance; booking maintenance forapartments; and so on. It would be very useful, if those services couldget information from one another. For example, if a customer is bookingtickets for a concert, he or she might want to book a table in arestaurant also. It helps, if the restaurant's booking service getsbasic information, like date and customer's name from the theater'sbooking system. Unfortunately, there have not been methods to exchangeinformation between different kinds of booking systems.

Additionally, such services as well as other services/companies such asbanks and credit card companies have long had the problem of verifyingthat the user attempting to make a reservation, booking or purchase isthe actual user that they claim to be. Similarly, customers would liketo know that the information that they are providing to theseservices/companies is going to the actual company and that theirinformation is secure. With identity fraud resulting from submittingpersonal information over the internet being a concern for many webusers there exists the need for a safer authentication alternative thancurrently exists.

Companies and organizations, such as software developers andpharmaceutical companies, have for a long time dealt with the problem ofpiracy. Not only are such entities harmed by lost sales from counterfeitgoods but consumers who unknowingly purchase counterfeit goods can beharmed by, for example, malware installed by hacked software or poorquality and mislabeled counterfeit drugs. Currently, such companies aretrying to develop methods in which the authenticity of their productscan be easily determined by their customers either prior to purchase orprior to use.

For services such as booking or calendar functions, information exchangeoften takes place as synchronizing booking or calendar entries. For thatpurpose, several important standardization efforts are going on. Forexample, SyncML is an industry initiative to develop and promote asingle, common data synchronization protocol. vCalendar is an exchangeformat for personal scheduling information. It is applicable to a widevariety of calendaring and scheduling products and is useful inexchanging information across a broad range of transport methods. Anumber of vendors have adopted the specification because it allows theirproducts to exchange calendaring and scheduling information. vCalendaris an open specification based on industry standards such as the x/Openand XAPIA Calendaring and Scheduling API (CSA), the ISO 8601international date and time standard and the related MIME emailstandards. The vCalendar format utilizes data normally stored within acalendaring and scheduling application, facilitating the cross platformexchange of information about items such as events and to-do's. An eventis a calendaring and scheduling entity that represents a designatedamount of time on a calendar. A to-do is a calendaring and schedulingentity that represents an action item or assignment. For instance, itmay be an item of work assigned to an individual.

vCard automates the exchange of personal information typically found ona traditional business card. vCard is used in applications such asInternet mail, voice mail, Web browsers, telephony applications, callcenters, video conferencing, PIMs (Personal Information Managers), PDAs(Personal Data Assistants), pagers, fax, office equipment, and smartcards. In addition to text, vCard information may include elements likepictures, company logos, live Web addresses, and so on.

A common problem with all of these existing solutions is that they donot provide common semantics for different systems and the transfer ofinformation may not always be as secure, or at least perceived as secureby customers, as many customers wish. Another problem is that bookingsystems have multiple different and usually quite complex userinterfaces. If a customer wants to both make an appointment with adentist and book a taxi to take him or her there, the customer needs toenter all the booking information to both booking systems in differentways. While the dentist may have in place a secure method of makingreservations, authenticating the client who makes the reservation andreceiving payment for a booking, the taxi company may not.

Additionally, it becomes challenging to manage client replies forinstance when a client has been given a number of questions. Forexample, it makes sense to use SMS text messages to ask a client whichoption he or she chooses, because in many countries, like in Finland, itis very common to communicate with SMS text messages and they createrevenues to operators. However, if a client replies to several inquiresby sending a number of text messages, it can be troublesome to find out,which answer corresponds to a certain question because the reply doesnot automatically include a reference to the question. Say, a serviceasks a client if he or she wants to reserve—in addition to a flightticket—also a taxi and a hotel room, and the client replies “yes” to onequestion but “no” to the other, the service does not necessarily knowwhich offer the client has accepted.

Other problems, such as clients not showing up for appointments, notusing a service more than once or long intervals between use of aservice can be addressed through the use of new systems and methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to provide a method and system capable ofauthenticating transactions involving at least one service provider andone or more users who are each communicating electronically.

It is an aspect of certain embodiments to provide a method and systemcapable of making booking type transactions between a plurality ofservice providers and a plurality of users who are each communicatingwith a mobile telephone capable of receiving and sending short textmessages (e.g., SMS messages).

It is a further aspect of certain embodiments where the transaction isan authentication and/or verification of an entity. Examples of suchentities are products, actions and users.

It is yet a further aspect of certain embodiments for the method andsystem to be used to augment a transaction for the benefit of theservice provider. For instance, when a software developer releases afree trial version of a product to a plurality of users they oftenexpect around 3% of those downloads to turn in to actual sales of theproduct. Through implementations of the embodiments of the presentinvention, the service provider can utilize SMS communication with theusers who downloaded the trial to entice use and purchase of the paidprogram.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following section, the invention will be described in detail bythe aid of a few examples of its embodiments, in which

FIG. 1 represents one advantageous system in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 represents a second advantageous system in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 represents a third advantageous system in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is one advantageous example of a sequence diagram representingmessages transmitted within a system in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 5 is a second advantageous example of a sequence diagramrepresenting messages transmitted within a system in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows an example of the dynamic dialog matrix applied to a queryand reply according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 shows the phases of the booking process in an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 8 shows a matrix diagram corresponding to Example 2, according toan embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to exchanging andsynchronizing information between booking systems and user terminaldevices. The services may be for example booking appointments for healthservices; booking travel reservations for hotels, airlines, and rentalcars; booking tickets for venues; booking appointments for vehiclemaintenance; booking maintenance for apartments; and so on.

The booking system in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention comprises at least one service provider booking system; atleast one service provider; a mediator; a client; at least one clientterminal device that can be a mobile device capable of receiving textmessages, and that includes a dialogue; and telecommunicationconnections that are used to connect the service provider bookingsystems, the service providers, the mediator and the client terminaldevice to one another.

The service providers are those with whom clients want to makeappointments, reservations, or other bookings and comprise the resourcesfor the booking system to allocate. Service providers conduct businessthrough service provider booking services. As used in this application,the mediator is a network based service available to the serviceprovider booking services over the network that provides additionalsemantics, translation and synchronization services needed forcommunication of the information needed for a client to complete atransaction with a service provider. The service provider bookingservices and the mediator are preferably applications operating onnetwork servers such as the Internet or a private Intranet. In general,a system will comprise a plurality of service providers and serviceprovider booking systems (implementing service provider bookingservices), but it is possible to have a simple booking system for onlyone service provider in which case the mediator and service providercould be tightly integrated into a single application.

Clients preferably include clients communicating on mobile telephonescapable of receiving short text messages, such as Short Message Service(SMS) messages. Of course, a system that is capable of handling SMSmessages will also handle other clients with greater capabilities. Themediator preferably communicates with mobile telephone clients throughan SMS gateway, such as are operated by mobile telephone providers and awell known today. The mediator communicates with clients usingdialogues. Dialogues are short messages which present information to theclient and allow a simple reply. Dialogues preferably provide users withsimple choices such as yes/no or to allow a selection from an orderedlist. Dialogues can also be one way, such as to acknowledge areservation. A transaction may typically involve a sequence of dialogueseach involving a simple response. Dialogues involve asynchronouscommunication by messages. The system as described makes it possible tocoordinate bookings among different service provider systems in order tofill a clients need, for example coordination of an airline booking withtransportation to the airport.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of the simplest system comprising a single serviceprovider booking system 100 for a single service provider, a mediator102 communicating with the service provider over a network, and a userwith a mobile phone having a dialogue entered thereon.

FIG. 2 shows a plurality of service provider booking systemscommunicating with a mediator over a network.

FIG. 3 shows a mediator named BookIT communicating with various serviceprovider systems and users with telephone devices communicatingdialogues.

A reason based customer dialogue is a desirable improvement from theclient's point of view, because service providers can create their owndialogues in connection with each booking event. A dialogue is closelyrelated to a certain booking situation. It becomes active automaticallyat the right moment, or the client can activate the dialogue as needed,or another entity in the system can send a message to the dialogue toactivate it. The dialogue then sends an inquiry to another entity in thesystem or informs the client and possibly inquires client's choices. Bymeans of this kind of dialogue, the client can make reservations inseveral booking systems using only one user interface. The dialogueconnects to remote booking systems e.g. through the Internet or evenmobile networks.

A mediator service can be capable of transmitting booking informationbetween service provider booking systems. For example, after a bookingis entered into an airline booking system, a taxi booking system canoffer the client a lift to the airport. In this application, a bookingis an allocation of a single resource (either the airline booking or thetaxi in the previous example), while a reservation is the union of thebookings for all of the resources for the same event (the airlinebooking plus the taxi booking in the previous example). The dialoguebetween the client, the mediator and the booking systems as well asstored customer profiles ensure that the client gets the reason basedservice he or she needs, not intrusive advertising.

A client can make reservations as well as confirm, change, and cancelthem using many kinds of communication means, including but not limitedto the Internet, e-mail, and mobile terminals. The client can alsosynchronize a calendar provided by the mediator or a service providerwith a calendar in a terminal device using mediator's synchronizationfunctions.

A service provider can remind clients to make reservations on a regularbasis and thus increase customer loyalty. A mediator can help serviceproviders to bring their booking systems together to provide morecomprehensive services without extending their businesses unnecessarily.Because of internationalization, the mediator is able to support forexample many languages, time zones, currencies, and data formats.

The system, including at least a dialogue, a mediator, a serviceprovider, and a service provider booking system, can be on one of thefollowing levels:

1. There is a predetermined set of dialogues in the system. Theircontent and the possible choices are set in advance. For example, if aclient books a flight, a dialogue always offers certain other bookings.Client's prior actions are not taken into consideration.2. There is an unlimited number of dynamic or “intelligent” dialoguesthat are based on, for instance, a profile that a client has createdhimself or herself, usage history records, and client's location. Simplelogic supports decisions. It is a low-level expert system.3. The system is able to make decisions by itself and to supportclient's decision making. On this level, a dialogue may include ahigh-level expert system. It can act as an agent and negotiate withseveral service providers to get the best offer without client's directinvolvement.

In one preferred embodiment of the method, a client books a service froma service provider. The booking may be carried out using a terminal thatis connected to the mediator service. First, the client connects to themediator service using a dialogue. The client inputs reservation inquiryto the dialogue that sends the inquiry to the mediator. The mediatorinquires possible reservations from service provider's informationsystem using concepts and terminology that those services are able tointerpret. The inquiry is based on client's preferences. The clientdiscloses some preferences that are related to the specific booking whenhe or she inputs reservation inquiry to the dialogue. In addition, thedialogue and the mediator service may have stored client's generalpreferences and use them so that the client do not need to input all thepreferences each time.

Managing the inquiry and bookings is based on sophisticated statemodels. Each booking involves several phases that are described bystates that track its status through its life cycle. For example, whenthe mediator has inquired about a reservation from a service provider,the corresponding entry in each system has a state that the booking ispending but not confirmed. If the systems do not have commonunderstanding what a certain state means, the mediator translates them.A preferred booking process including the phases and states is describedin Example 1.

In addition to inquiring reservations from the service provider, themediator is able to synchronize bookings in several service providers'systems. The synchronization is based on rules specified in the mediatorservice. For example, a rule can be that “if a client inquires bookingfor an airline ticket, inquire also bookings for taxis to the airport.”Therefore, an inquiry from the client may be multiplied in the mediatorservice resulting a number of inquiries. The service providers answer tothe mediator if they are able to provide requested service and they mayadd some additional information, like on seats or timing. The mediatorcombines gathered information and sends it to the dialogue that shows asimple list of options to the client. For example, the dialogue may showthree options for a flight and ask if the client also wants to reserve ataxi that is actually already tentatively booked by the mediator. Theclient makes his or her decision by choosing the options from the simplelist of alternatives. The dialogue sends information on client's choiceto the mediator that confirms the bookings in accordance with client'schoices and cancels the unnecessary reservations.

FIG. 4 shows a sequence diagram of an inquiry CINQ1 originated by aclient using a dialogue DINQ1 sent to the mediator. The mediatorinitiates the inquiry MINQ1 which corresponds to CINQ1 and DINQ1 tobooking system 1 a service provider booking system. Ultimately an answerDANS1 gets back to the client offering a choice which is responded towith a selection CSEL1 resulting in a booking by the client on bookingsystem 1. The mediator recognizes the potential need for a complementaryservice from booking service 2 and initiates an inquiry, MINQ2, tobooking system 2, which ultimately results in a proposal includingseveral choices, DANS2, returned to the client from which a selection,CSEL2, is made, resulting in a complementary booking on booking system2.

The bookings can be done in other means as well, for instance, bycalling the service provider with a telephone or by visiting on site theservice provider's office. In that case the service provider may informthe mediator about client's bookings so that the mediator can inform theclient on other options. For example, a dentist could tell the mediatorthat the client has booked an appointment so that the mediator may offerto book a taxi also.

Also, it is possible to add a reminder to the mediator service so thatthe mediator asks at certain time if the client wants to make a newbooking. For instance, the mediator can send a notice to the client thatit has been a year since the client last had an appointment with his orher dentist and ask if the client wants to make a new appointment. Thisnotice can already include a few options for the appointment. Themediator has checked the client's calendar if he or she has allowed thatso that the given options are convenient for the client. The dialogueshows the options in a simple and handy way. The client needs only tochoose which option is the best for him or her or whether he or shewants to get new options or postpone the booking. FIG. 5 is a timesequence chart for such a situation where the original inquiry, MINQ1,was initiated by the mediator.

Example 1 A Preferred Booking System

A preferred booking system according to the invention is described belowin terms of a system named BookIt.

BookIT is designed to interface between service provider booking systemsand other parties over a network such as the Internet, and to end userclients equipped with mobile phones capable of receiving text messages.The former is preferably accomplished with a generic XML interface.BookIT supports vCard and vCalendar standards since they are used by allmajor booking and calendar systems.

BookIT communicates with mobile phone users using Short Message Service(SMS) via an SMS Gateway for asynchronous communication. BookIT uses thenovel Dynamic Dialogue Matrix (DDM) for secure transfer and mapping ofthe SMS messages. The DDM is described further below.

A clear distinction needs to be made between a service provider bookingprocess and BookIT Process. The former covers the standard booking onlywith time and resource reservation. The latter consists of booking,work, and financing. Both processes end to the same point. The BookITProcess consists of seven phases as follows:

Phases (Status Handling)

The phases make a bond (rubber band) between the resources. In each ofthe BookIT Process' phases the data related to the booking will beamended to reflect the needs of the phase in question. For the statusesand values please see the underneath table.

The phases are described in more detail in the following discussion.

1. Filing

Filing means initialization of a BookIT Process and a booking process.As a result of the initialization an entry is inserted in the databasew/basic information. It will not appear in a calendar since there is noscheduling information. It can be displayed in a separate task list ofthe owner as an open task.

2. Requesting

In the Requesting phase a booking request is sent to the resourcesrequired for the previously filed task. Since there is no scheduling,which in most cases will be essential, this phase may be executedtogether with the Scheduling phase.

3. Scheduling

Schedule is given to the owner and the resources. As a part and a resultof the Scheduling the following data is needed:

a suggested start-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)b suggested start-location (coordinates)c suggested end-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)d suggested end-location (coordinates)

4. Confirming

Time and location as it is accepted by the resources that have accepted.Data related to this phase:

a accepted start-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)b accepted start-location (coordinates)c accepted end-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)d accepted end-location (coordinates)

By default the data is copied from the Planning phase.

In practice, if planned time is not needed, the same data structures canbe used for this and status indicates the actual meaning of the data.

5. Working

The resources perform the booked task. Data related to this phaseconsists of different attributes and their values, which are related tothe actual task. In addition, following static structures are needed:

a actual start-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)b actual start-location (coordinates)c actual end-time (ISO time-stamp w/time zone)d actual end-location (coordinates)e products used, extras, mileage, . . . .

By default the data is copied from the Confirming phase.

6. Accounting

At this point all data stored in the data structures on previous phasesis analyzed and processed for invoicing purposes.

Data related to this phase: Accounting data. To be defined separately.

7. Completing

The task has been completed. From the whole BookIT process point of viewit is irrelevant whether the task succeeded or not. It is relevant tothe Accounting phase, in which the financial actions to the organizerare handled. In this phase, housekeeping (database contents; temporaryfiles, . . . ) is made in order to complete the BookIT Process.

The following table shows data available in each phase. Booking phase isin italics.

Task's Suggested Accepted work Phase/Data Identifying Resources timetime related Accounting Closing Filing X X Requesting X X X Scheduling XX X X Confirming X X X X X Working X X X X X X Accounting X X X X X XCompleting X X X X X X X

Phase Statuses, Values, and Transitions

The following table describes the phases, their statuses, and valuesalong with transition to next logical phase based on the values gotten.In addition, corresponding vCalendar statuses are shown when applicable.

Phase Satus Next Phase vEvent vTodo Filing Requesting RequestingScheduling Sent Sent Scheduling Pending Confirming Needs Needs ActionAction Scheduling Scheduled Confirming Needs Needs Action ActionScheduling Re-scheduled Confirming Needs Needs Action Action ConfirmingAccepted Working Confirmed Accepted Confirming Declined AccountingDeclined Declined Confirming Tentative Accounting Tentative ConfirmingDelegated Requesting Delegated Delegated Confirming Re SchedulingAccounting or requested Scheduling Confirming InProgress Working WorkingInProgress Working Working Delayed Working Working Started WorkingWorking n % ready Working Working Ready Accounting Accounting CompletingCompleting <Copied from n/a phase before Accounting>

Internal phases Paused, Re-started, and Canceled act as follows for allrelevant phases at any point:

<Phase y> Paused <Status x> <Phase y> Re-started <Status x> <Phase y>Cancelled Accounting

FIG. 7 shows the work flow transitions from phase to phase. Forconditions, see the table above. Also, please note that Canceled Statusalways leads to accounting.

Confirming the (Whole) Reservation

In order for the whole Reservation to be successful, all resources,which accepted the reservation, need to have the same scheduling. Inaddition, there will resources in different roles and data related tothe working phase may vary even greatly.

The different statuses of the whole reservation are:

a “NoReplies” (0) for “No-one hasn't replied to the request made by theorganizer”b “NoDeclines” (1) for “Not all invitees have replied yet. The ones whohave replied have accepted”c “AllAccepts” (2) for “all invitees have confirmed”d “SomeDeclines” (3) for “Some of the invitees have declined”e “AllDeclines” (4) for “All of the invitees have declined”.

The following decision table helps in evaluating the status of the wholebooking. “Maybe” means that this condition only does not incontestablyspecify true or false result.

Booking Status/ No one No one Some All No one Some All Confirmationsanswered accepted accepted accepted declined declined declined NoRepliesTrue Maybe Maybe NoDeclines True Maybe Maybe True True NoAccepts TrueTrue Maybe Maybe True AllAccepts True True Maybe SomeAccepts True MaybeMaybe Maybe AllDeclines Maybe True SomeDeclines Maybe Maybe True Maybe

Based on the information and decision table above theorganizer/application has to make the decision of what to do with thereservation. That can be an automatic decision made by the system basedon pre-set rules or made by the organizer manually.

FIG. 6 shows an example of the dynamic dialog matrix applied to a queryand reply according to the invention. An application sends a servicerequest to a user to a mediator B. The mediator B picks up random Baddress from a group of available B addresses wherein it can receiveresponses from the user. After defining the B address, the mediator Bsends a query to user A, wherein the query may consist of a list ofchoices from which the user A may select the reply. The user A receivesthe query in his/her terminal and sends a reply to that query to the Baddress. The mediator B receives the user's reply in the B address.After receiving the reply from the user A, the mediator B processes thereply. First the mediator B validates the A address (which is the user'saddress). In case the A address does not correspond to the A addresswhereto the message was sent, the mediator B may inform the applicationthat no response was received. In case the A address corresponds to Aaddress whereto the mediator B has sent a query to, the mediator Bverifies the B address (the reply address into which the reply wasreceived). Correspondingly, in case the B address is not a valid Baddress for the user, the mediator B may inform the application that noresponse was received. In case also the B address corresponds to the Baddress that the message was sent from, the mediator B matches the replyC to the list of available choices for that message. If the reply doesnot correspond to the available list of choices, the mediator B may sendan error information to the application, or send a new query to the userA. If the reply corresponds to the available list of choices that wassent to the user, the mediator B sends a return service response to theapplication.

Preferably, the system with reference to FIG. 6 has a plurality Bsubscriber numbers (telephone numbers), wherefrom the mediator B mayselect a subscriber number where the message to the user A is sent.Further, the user A preferably has a mobile telephone, having a mobilesubscriber number, whereto the message is sent, and wherefrom the user Amay respond to the query. The messages to and from the mediator B issent over the telecommunication network.

One major problem solved by the invention is the challenge of managingclient replies, when a client has been given a number of questions andthe client is using SMS text messages or similar technology in which areply does not automatically include an explicit reference to theinquiry. The invention solves this problem using dynamic dialogmatrices. An inquiry always includes some kind of receiver's address oridentification. In the SMS text message case that is so called Bsubscriber's number. On the other hand, sender's A subscriber's numberor Calling Line Identity (CLI), or similar identification is alsoattached to each text message. Therefore the client or B subscriber isusually easily able to answer a message using mobile device's answer orreply function. If a mediator service that sends inquiries to a client,uses different A subscriber numbers in different inquires, it ispossible to differentiate between answers based on which number theclient is sending replies to. For example, if a mediator sends a clientan inquiry “Do you need a taxi also?” using A subscriber number A1 andthen inquiries “Do you need a hotel room?” from A subscriber number A2,client's reply to the first question goes to number A1 and the secondanswer goes to number A2. Using a dialog matrix, a mediator keeps trackon inquires and answers. In the matrix, there is a column for eachclient and a row for each A subscriber number the mediator is using.Obviously, there could be a row for each client and correspondingly acolumn for each A subscriber number as well. After sending an inquiryfrom a certain A subscriber number to a client, the status and the replyis stored in the corresponding shell of the matrix. As a result, themediator is able to find out whether the client has replied to a certaininquiry and what the answer was. Also, it is possible to use the matrixto collect information about clients' behavior and use it for examplefor marketing purposes. A mediator needs only a limited number of Asubscriber numbers. A dialog matrix can also be used to find out which Asubscriber numbers can be used when the next inquiry to a certain clientis sent.

The use of the Dynamic Dialog Matrix as described above is illustratedin FIG. 7.

The Dynamic Dialog Matrix is also a powerful but very simple securitymeasure for authenticating a mobile phone user who has only thecapability of sending and receiving messages. The problem is for aservice to confirm a sender's identity. One way to try to identify theuser is to check the sender's address. Normally SMS, e-mail, and otheralike messages have the sender's address attached. That address can befor example the sender's A-subscriber's number or Calling Line Identity(CLI), or e-mail address or IP address. However, it is quite easy tofalsify a sender address. From the service provider's perspective, thedownlink from a service provider to a user is usually relativelyreliable and it is hard for others to capture or change messages, butthe uplink from a user to a service provider is much more vulnerable andit is not too difficult to give a wrong sender's address. A well-knownsolution to the above problem is to use encryption technologies tosecure the communications, public-key infrastructures (PKI) being goodexamples. For instance, a user device can be equipped with a microchip,a secure SIM card in GSM devices for example, to encrypt messages usingthe user's private key. Then the service provider can be sure that themessage is from the user, if it can be decrypted using the user's publickey. However, this solution requires special devices that are not verycommon, inexpensive, or standardized so far. Relying on such a solutionrestricts the number of potential users significantly.

Using the DDM provides a novel solution. When the service sends arequest to the mobile phone user, each request contains a different,preferably randomly chosen, reply number. Thus an acceptable answer isonly the one that is sent to the correct reply address.

An example is for authenticating a user who is making a purchase, e.g.purchasing a software product. The user first initiates a purchaserequest to the company/service, e.g. directly in the software program,via an internet website or via a mobile device. The company/service thenknows the user name and possible other identification information andsends a request to a credit card company to request a payment. Thecredit card company then sends a request to a mediator to authenticatethe purchase. The mediator knows the user and the user's mobile numberand sends a message, e.g. SMS or MMS, to the user's known phone number.An example of a message could be:

Dear Mr. Salonen, your credit card was used to purchase Office on 27Mar. 2010 for 299 euros. Please reply

y—to accept the payment on VISA xxxx xxxx xxxx 123n—to reject the payment orf—to report a fraud on your credit card.

By responding to the message from the known user's mobile number with anacceptable response allows the mediator to respond to the credit cardcompany if the user authorizes the purchase or not. Thereafter, thecredit card company may authorize the payment and inform thecompany/service. Additionally, if the mediator sends the message from arandomly chosen reply number as discussed above, there is an added layerof authentication. Because it is possible for a fraudulent user todetermine a credit card holder's mobile number and fake a message fromsaid number, it would be extremely improbable for them to know whichreply number the authentication message would originate from. The abovemay also be used, for example, with money transfers between a user'sbank and the company/service.

An additional element of security can be achieved using semanticanalysis. For example, if the user is asked to tell how many items areordered, and the answer is “yes”, then apparently the user did not knowwhat the question was and the message was not an answer for the enquiry.

Such a system can also provide a level of security for the user. Themediator can authenticate the company/service, by any acceptable method,and only send authentication messages once the company/service has beenauthenticated. Then, if the user does not provide their mobile numberwhen providing their identification information, when they get anauthentication message, even from a number they do not recognize, theywill know that the mediator has authenticated the company/service.

While the present example has been explained in terms of the mediatorsending the message, the message could be sent by a secondary entity atthe request of the mediator. For example, when the mediator receives arequest to authenticate a transaction, the mediator can then provide theuser's bank with the necessary transaction details and request that thebank send the necessary authentication method. Another example would beif the mediator sends a request to the bank for some of the user'sidentity information, e.g. mobile number, so that it can proceed withsending the actual request itself or through a tertiary service providerwhich handles the actual message sending.

Additionally, though the present example has been described with thetransaction being the purchase of a product and authentication of theuser for payment, the same system and similar method can be used forother transactions, such as the authentication of the purchased product.

The use of a Dynamic Dialogue Matrix allows for authentication andverification of products, services and transactions based on a pluralityof combinations of data. Based on as little as two pieces of informationfrom the DDM an entity can be verified. Based on more pieces ofinformation from the DDM, a higher degree of verification can beachieved.

A DDM which is being used for verification purposes can contain, or haveaccess to, multiple of some or all of the following: reply addressesused for sending messages, reply addresses for which messages arereceived, user addresses, questions, acceptable answers for questions,order of receiving answers and verification information (e.g. productkeys, ID codes). A key to the DDM is that it allows verification betweena company/service and a user through a mediator (and possibly anotherparty) by matching information that each entity knows and the othersshould not know. Several examples are as follows:

If a user downloads a piece of software from the internet they want toknow that the software is legitimate, i.e. not pirated or hacked andsoftware developers want to make sure that users are paying to activatetheir programs. Therefore, prior to use the user is requested to enter aproduct key. The user sends a message, e.g. SMS, to a number with aproduct ID code. If the ID code is valid and has not been previouslyregistered then the user receives a message with the product key.Therefore, the DDM matches the user entered product ID code with anindicator if it has been registered to verify if a product key should beissued. A similar process could work in conjunction with the paymentprocess described above. Once the purchase of the software isauthenticated as described above then an additional message can be sentto the user with the applicable product key.

A similar method and system can be used to verify the legitimacy ofvirtually any product, such as medicine or trademarked products. If theproduct has a code printed on the packaging and a known numberassociated with the products manufacturer or verification then aconsumer can send a message to the known number with the product code toreceive an indication if the code is valid and if it has been previouslychecked. Benefits to this system are that if pirated products do nothave a code printed on the product or have an invalid code then the userwill know right away. Additionally, if multiple users check the samecode then the product manufacturer or verifier can check in to if thecode has been reproduced by a manufacture of a pirated product. Afurther benefit to the system is that the product manufacturer canimmediately send an inquiry back to the user if the product isdetermined to be pirated or suspected of piracy. An inquiry may be toask where/when the product was purchased, what the purchase price wasand/or other information which can be used to identify the entityresponsible for the piracy or distribution of pirated goods.

The process may also be such that the user sends a code to the knownnumber to receive information if the product is authentic or a pirateproduct. Thereafter, the manufacturer requests a further code or alikeinformation from the user. When using two pieces of information (andpossibly another sender identity than whereto the user sent the firstmessage) to authenticate the product, the level of security isincreased.

Example 2 Use of the Dynamic Dialogue Matrix

This simple example deals with securing tickets on a morning flighttomorrow. The system sends a series of questions as SMS messagesrequiring a short response. Each message is earmarked so that itsresponse can be identified so the messages need not necessarily be sentor replied to in a particular sequence unless logic so demands (forinstance, if the answer to one question affects the content of the nextquestion).

A user whose phone number is ID=0418 979 813 has requested the ticket.The system sends the following requests as individual SMS messages:

Please choose one of the following departure times:

6:00 a.m., answer A

7:30 a.m., answer B

8: 15 a.m., answer C.

If none of these is OK, answer D.

Sender: +358440844 027

Please choose ticket class:

First class, answer A

Business class, answer B

Economy class, answer C

Cheapest available, answer D

Sender: +358440844 011

Please choose:

Window seat, answer A

Aisle seat, answer C

Sender: +358440844 034

Please select the meal:

Vegetarian, answer A

Beef answer B

Chicken, answer C

Sender: +358440844 003

The answers received from the customer to the preceding questions andseveral others were

‘A’ to question with ref. no +358 440 844 027

‘D’ to question with ref. no +358 440 844 011

‘A’ to question with ref. no +358 440 844 034

‘B’ to question with ref. no +358 440 844 003

‘D’ to question with ref. no +358 440 859 751

‘A’ to question with ref. no +358 440 844 277

‘C’ to question with ref. no +358 440 841 368

From this, the service provider can find out that the customer chose:

the first morning flight (=A),

cheapest available ticket (=D),

window seat (=A),

beef for meal (=B),

and etc.

It is important to note with the matrix the customer can answer thequestions in any order, and can even fail to answer some questions. Ifthese are relevant, the system can urge for an answer. If not, thesystem can proceed without this information.

The above responses are shown on FIG. 8 as a three dimensional matrixwith customer numbers plotted on the X-axis, reply numbers are plottedon the Y-axis and answers plotted on the Z-axis. Our user with phonenumber 0418 979 813 is the left most user along the X-axis. The answersare plotted along the Z-axis corresponding to the reply numbers on theY-axis.

Additional security can be achieved using semantic analysis. In thematrix shells, there can be information about the inquiry and what kindsof answers are acceptable. If an answer does not meet the criteria, itis rejected. For example, if the service provider asks the user to tellhow many items are ordered, and the user answers “yes”, then apparentlythe user did not know what the question was and the message was not ananswer for the inquiry.

It is also possible that the service provider is actually a mediator andthe “real” service provider is somewhere else. In that case, only themediator needs to have the matrix-based system and the actual serviceprovider communicates with the mediator using either the mediator'smatrix-system or other secure means like a crypto-channel. For example,a car sharing system could be implemented in the following way: cars arelocated randomly around a city. When a user needs a car, he or she sendsa message to a mediator to ask where the nearest car is. The mediatorsends a message telling the car's location. That reply comes from arandom address y′. When the user reaches the car, he or she sends amessage to y′ telling that the rental period begins and asking themediator to remotely release the car's locks. This message is relativelyreliable, because it is sent to the address that the user only knows.Therefore it constitutes a valid reason to release the locks and startbilling. The communication between mediator and the car, on the otherhand, is invisible to the user and outsiders. The car can be equippedwith special devices and therefore remote commands to release the locksetc. can be encrypted. Or, the communication between the car and themediator could also be implemented using matrices. In either case, themediator operates as a “firewall” between the user and the car disablingoutsiders from unauthorized usage.

Similar series of messages can be used in conjunction with theauthentication and verification as described above. For instance, if asoftware developer offers a 30-day trial version of their software theycan require that a user enters a mobile number to activate the software.Then, based on a triggering event, a mediator can send a desired messageto the user. Examples of triggering events are that the developer askswhether the installation succeeded, that the trial period is ending orhas ended, that the user has not used the software for a certain periodof time or the user has recently used the software. One example would beif the triggering event was that the trial period was ending themediator could send a series of messages as follows:

You have downloaded a trial version of our software and the trial periodhas ended.

Please reply if you

A: did not have time to adequately test the software and would like moretime,

B: would like to purchase a full version of the software or

C: would not like to continue using the software.

By responding “A” to the message the user could receive a code to enterin to the software which would give the user an additional period oftime for trial. Because the software is linked to the user's mobilenumber from the initial activation, the mediator will know when thisperiod runs out that it has already been extended and may not offer thatoption next time the trial period ends. Additionally, if someone elsetried to send “A” to the number from their own mobile number themediator would know that they had not activated any software and wouldknow not to send any extension codes. If the user would like to purchasea full version then the user could respond with “B” and then pay and beauthenticated through their mobile device as described above. If theuser replies with “C” then a series of messages constituting a surveycould be sent in order to help the software developer determine why theuser did not want to purchase their product. Furthermore, in return for,or in response to certain answers, the mediator could send a code as areward to the user. Again, since the mobile number of the user is tiedto the software the mediator prevents other people with other mobilenumbers to send a message “C” to the software developer's number inorder to receive a reward. Further, other user's do not know from whichnumber the software developer has sent the message.

An embodiment of the present invention is a method for authenticating auser having a known address comprising the steps of; sending a firstmessage to the known address from a first reply address, receiving areply to the first message from the known address to the first replyaddress, sending a second message to the known address from a secondreply address, receiving a reply to the second message from the knownaddress to the second reply address, authenticating the user based onthe received replies from the known address, and wherein the first andsecond reply addresses are selected from a plurality of available replyaddresses. Additionally, the method in accordance with the embodimentmay further comprise the steps of receiving a request to authenticate auser at a known address prior to sending the first message, and sendingthe authentication determination to the party that requested theauthentication. A method in accordance with the embodiments may alsoinclude wherein one or more additional messages are sent to the knownaddress. A method in accordance with the embodiments may also includewherein once a reply address is selected from the plurality of availablereply addresses it becomes unavailable for future selection as a replyaddress to the known address. A method in accordance with theembodiments may also include wherein each reply address is randomlyselected from the plurality of available reply addresses. A method inaccordance with the embodiments may also include wherein at least one ofthe messages includes an authentication question and at least one of thesubsequent replies includes an answer to said authentication question. Amethod in accordance with the embodiments may also include whereinauthenticating the user includes determining an authentication levelbased on the number of the plurality of available reply addresses and/orthe replies to at least one of the messages. A method in accordance withthe embodiments may also include wherein the authentication isadditionally based on the time between sending a message and receivingthe corresponding reply. A method in accordance with the embodiments mayalso include wherein the known address and at least a portion of theplurality of reply addresses are telephone or mobile phone numbers.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of softwareactivation which comprises associating each software distribution with aunique activation code, providing a user who downloads the software withsaid activation code, the activation code being sent to an identifiableelectronic device, retrieving information related to the identifiableelectronic device and associating the activation code with theidentifiable electronic device to obtain a fingerprint of saidactivation, storing said fingerprint including the activation code andinformation of the identifiable electronic device and authorizingsubsequent activation of the software only to said user with saididentifiable electronic device information.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a system forauthenticating a user having a known address comprising; a plurality ofavailable reply addresses a means for sending messages having one of theplurality of reply addresses a means for receiving replies to the replyaddresses, and a controller configured to send a first message to theknown address from a first reply address, send a second message to theknown address from a second reply address and to authenticating the userbased on received replies from the known address to the reply addresses.

Although the present invention has been described in considerable detailwith reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions arepossible. For example, the user's known address can be an email addressor mobile telephone address as described above or it can be an onlineaccount name, such as a log-in ID. Many online accounts have 2-way andmulti-way messaging features where messages are addressed to the onlineaccount name or a derivative thereof. In such instances, the presentinvention can be implemented with the messaging system of online accountand the user's online account name. Therefore the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims should not be limited to the preferred versionsherein.

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 19. A method comprising:operating a network server to perform the following acts for each clientof a plurality of clients and at least one service provider, wherein thenetwork server is operatively coupled to a set of dialog logics:mediating a set of transactions between a client of the plurality ofclients and the at least one service provider based on the set of dialoglogics, wherein the set of dialog logics controls at least one dialog bywhich the network server communicates with a mobile terminal associatedwith that client, wherein the set of transactions involves at least oneelectronic payment, wherein the network server uses at least one networkto communicate with that mobile terminal, and wherein that mediation ofthe set of transactions includes transmitting identifier data other thanfinancial data for that client over the at least one network with thatmobile terminal such that the transmitted identifier data enablesidentification by the network server of the financial data for thatclient to facilitate processing of that at least one electronic payment.20. The method of claim 19, wherein that mediation of the set oftransactions further comprises mediating a plurality of transactions forthat client, each transaction involving a respective electronic payment.21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the method furthercomprises using one or more of that client's profile, that client'shistory and that client's location to determine the transactions to bemediated between that client and the at least one service provider. 22.The method of claim 19, wherein the mediation of the set of transactionsfurther comprises negotiating with several service providers on behalfof that client, unprompted by that client, to identify an optimal offerfor that client.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the use of the atleast one network to communicate with that client's mobile terminalcomprises authenticating that mobile terminal using at least onedynamically variable communication parameter for communication over theat least one network.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein theauthentication of that mobile terminal comprises verifying that thatmobile terminal uses the randomly selected communication parameter for areply message to the network server.
 25. The method of claim 24, whereinthat randomly selected communication parameter is a parameter that thatmobile terminal uses in a reply message by using a reply function ofthat mobile terminal without explicit entry of that randomly selectedcommunication parameter.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the networkserver transmits the at least one dynamically variable communicationparameter in a query message over the at least one network to the mobileterminal and the network server positively authenticates that mobileterminal based on whether the transmitted dynamically variablecommunication parameter is used in a reply message sent from that mobileterminal to the network server over the at least one network.
 27. Themethod of claim 26, wherein the at least one dynamically variablecommunication parameter comprises a randomly selected communicationaddress, wherein the network server positively authenticates that mobileterminal based on whether the at least one dynamically variablecommunication parameter is used in the reply message sent from thatmobile terminal to the network server.
 28. The method of claim 27,wherein the randomly selected communication address is a recipientsubscriber number in a cellular mobile network.
 29. The method of claim27, wherein the randomly selected communication address is an e-mailaddress.
 30. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one dialogdefines mutual relations of a plurality of query-reply pairs, whereinthe plurality of query-reply pairs relate to a plurality of phases of asingle transaction or to several related transactions.
 31. The method ofclaim 19, wherein the set of dialog logics control a plurality ofdialogs, wherein the plurality of dialogs correspond to relatedtransactions with a plurality of service providers, and wherein a replyfrom that mobile terminal indicating a service offer has been acceptedby that client automatically triggers transmission of at least onefurther service offer of at least one further service related to theaccepted service offer.
 32. The method of claim 19, wherein the at leastone network includes telecommunication connections used to communicatewith the mobile terminal.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein thetelecommunication connections comprise cellular mobile connections. 34.The method of claim 32, wherein the telecommunication connectionscomprise Internet connections.
 35. The method of claim 19, wherein theidentifier data includes data that is transaction-specific.
 36. Themethod of claim 19, wherein the identifier data includes data that isdynamic.
 37. A network server comprising a set of network interfaces forconnecting with at least one service provider and a plurality ofclients, wherein each client is associated with a mobile terminal,wherein the network server is operatively coupled to a set of dialoglogics, wherein the network server mediates a set of transactionsbetween a client of the plurality of clients and the at least oneservice provider based on the set of dialog logics, wherein the set ofdialog logics controls at least one dialog by which the network servercommunicates with a mobile terminal associated with that client, whereinthe set of transactions involves at least one electronic payment,wherein the network server uses at least one network to communicate withthe mobile terminal, and wherein, when mediating the set oftransactions, the network server transmits identifier data other thanfinancial data for that client over the at least one network with thatmobile terminal such that the transmitted identifier data enablesidentification by the network server of the financial data for thatclient to facilitate processing of that at least one electronic payment.